Ash Center logo

Policy Brief  

Ensuring All Votes Count: Reducing Rejected Ballots

By:

Programs

Reimagining Democracy Program

Issues

Institutional Reforms, Voting and Elections

Download the PDF

This brief studies trends in mail ballot rejection rates in 2020 compared to previous years and how different factors, including sets of policies and policy changes, the political environment, and voter outreach, may have contributed to these changes in an extraordinary election year. Our main findings include:

  • Mail ballot rejection rates decreased in most states in 2020 compared to 2018, and a number of states saw a consistent drop from 2016 to 2018 to 2020.
  • Certain states that adapted their voting laws to make mail voting more accessible in 2020, particularly in the South, saw especially pronounced changes in rejection rates.
  • In North Carolina, rejection rates vary from county to county. Previous studies of other states’ rejection rates found similar trends.
  • States that implemented mail ballot policies, including ballot curing, increased ease of access when returning mail ballots at boards of elections, early voting sites, drop boxes, and ballot tracking, saw lower rejection rates than those that didn’t, though we caution against assuming a causal relationship.
  • Previous academic and advocacy research suggests that voters of color, young voters, and first-time voters are disproportionately more likely to have their mail ballots rejected.

We highlight these trends and suggest further areas of study that researchers, advocates, organizers, and policymakers can explore to better understand how voters casting their ballots by mail can ensure their votes are counted.

Related Resources

A More Perfect Union: Marcus Board Jr. On Bridging Practice and Scholarship
Marcus Board Jr. on Harvard University's campus.

Feature

A More Perfect Union: Marcus Board Jr. On Bridging Practice and Scholarship

For Marcus Board Jr., democracy has never been just an academic subject—it has always been about people. As a 2025-2027 Democracy Visiting Fellow at the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard Kennedy School, the Howard University political scientist explores how scholarship and community practice can work together to strengthen democracy.  

In this conversation, Board reflects on the experiences, ideas and relationships that have shaped his work.

Terms of Engagement—Kakistocracy, Populism, and Elites in American Politics

Podcast

Terms of Engagement—Kakistocracy, Populism, and Elites in American Politics

Richard Hanania, a writer and former alt-right influencer who renounced MAGA and now favors political rule by elites, joins Terms of Engagement to discuss his book “Kakistocracy: Why Populism Ends in Disaster.” The book is named for the Greek word meaning “rule by the worst.”

Terms of Engagement Summer Reading List
A collage of book and report recommendations from the Terms of Engagement summer reading list.

Feature

Terms of Engagement Summer Reading List

Books, reports, and articles exploring the front lines of American politics and democracy, as featured on the Terms of Engagement podcast.

More on this Issue

Terms of Engagement Summer Reading List
A collage of book and report recommendations from the Terms of Engagement summer reading list.

Feature

Terms of Engagement Summer Reading List

Books, reports, and articles exploring the front lines of American politics and democracy, as featured on the Terms of Engagement podcast.

Reimagining Democracy 2026 Summer Reading List
A collage of book covers, podcasts, and reports from the Reimagining Democracy summer reading list.

Feature

Reimagining Democracy 2026 Summer Reading List

Tova Wang, director of research projects in democratic practice at the Ash Center, shares her top picks for summer reads focused on making democracy more resilient, responsive, and inclusive.

Allen Lab Fellow Spotlight: City Charters Are Deliberative Democracy’s Friends

Commentary

Allen Lab Fellow Spotlight: City Charters Are Deliberative Democracy’s Friends

Allen Lab Fellow Tyler Fisher examines the untapped potential of city charters as a vehicle for deliberative democracy, arguing that advocates should work to embed tools like citizen assemblies, participatory budgeting, and town meetings directly into the governing architecture of cities, institutionalizing deliberative democracy one municipality at a time.