Policy Brief  

Ensuring All Votes Count: Reducing Rejected Ballots

Download the PDF

This brief studies trends in mail ballot rejection rates in 2020 compared to previous years and how different factors, including sets of policies and policy changes, the political environment, and voter outreach, may have contributed to these changes in an extraordinary election year. Our main findings include:

  • Mail ballot rejection rates decreased in most states in 2020 compared to 2018, and a number of states saw a consistent drop from 2016 to 2018 to 2020.
  • Certain states that adapted their voting laws to make mail voting more accessible in 2020, particularly in the South, saw especially pronounced changes in rejection rates.
  • In North Carolina, rejection rates vary from county to county. Previous studies of other states’ rejection rates found similar trends.
  • States that implemented mail ballot policies, including ballot curing, increased ease of access when returning mail ballots at boards of elections, early voting sites, drop boxes, and ballot tracking, saw lower rejection rates than those that didn’t, though we caution against assuming a causal relationship.
  • Previous academic and advocacy research suggests that voters of color, young voters, and first-time voters are disproportionately more likely to have their mail ballots rejected.

We highlight these trends and suggest further areas of study that researchers, advocates, organizers, and policymakers can explore to better understand how voters casting their ballots by mail can ensure their votes are counted.

More from this Program

Moving beyond the Electoral College
Congressman Jamie Raskin speaks at an Ash Center conference on the Electoral College

Feature

Moving beyond the Electoral College

At an Ash Center symposium on Electoral College reform, Congressman Jamie Raskin makes the case that the US should finally move to a direct popular vote for selecting presidential winners.

The Electoral College: What’s to be Done
A presidential electoral in Washington State ceremonially signs an electoral college ballot

Feature

The Electoral College: What’s to be Done

During an opening panel at an Ash Center symposium on the future of the Electoral College, scholars examined the history behind how the US adopted its peculiar centuries-old system of choosing presidential election winners – and what should be done to reform or even abolish the practice today.

The Future of the Electoral College: A Conversation with Congressman Jamie Raskin
Photo of Jamie Raskin standing at the podium

Video

The Future of the Electoral College: A Conversation with Congressman Jamie Raskin

Harvard-ID holders were invited to join the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation and the Institute of Politics for a conversation with Congressman Jamie Raskin (MD-08) about the future of the Electoral College.

More on this Issue

Moving beyond the Electoral College
Congressman Jamie Raskin speaks at an Ash Center conference on the Electoral College

Feature

Moving beyond the Electoral College

At an Ash Center symposium on Electoral College reform, Congressman Jamie Raskin makes the case that the US should finally move to a direct popular vote for selecting presidential winners.

The Electoral College: What’s to be Done
A presidential electoral in Washington State ceremonially signs an electoral college ballot

Feature

The Electoral College: What’s to be Done

During an opening panel at an Ash Center symposium on the future of the Electoral College, scholars examined the history behind how the US adopted its peculiar centuries-old system of choosing presidential election winners – and what should be done to reform or even abolish the practice today.

The Future of the Electoral College: A Conversation with Congressman Jamie Raskin
Photo of Jamie Raskin standing at the podium

Video

The Future of the Electoral College: A Conversation with Congressman Jamie Raskin

Harvard-ID holders were invited to join the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation and the Institute of Politics for a conversation with Congressman Jamie Raskin (MD-08) about the future of the Electoral College.