Media Release
A new book from Harvard scholar Danielle Allen revisits the forgotten British radical movement that helped shape modern democracy.
CAMBRIDGE, MA — The Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard Kennedy School announces the publication of Radical Duke: How One Aristocrat—and the American Revolution—Transformed Britain, a major new work released by political theorist and historian Danielle Allen, James Bryant Conant University Professor at Harvard University and Director of the Allen Lab for Democracy Renovation at the Ash Center.
In Radical Duke, Allen offers a bold reinterpretation of the origins of modern democracy, arguing that the Age of Revolution began not in colonial America or revolutionary France, but in Britain itself. The book grew out of Allen’s discovery of a rare parchment copy of the Declaration of Independence long-overlooked in Sussex, England—a finding that opened the door to a deeper transatlantic story about political reform, popular sovereignty, and the emergence of democratic thought in the eighteenth century.
At the center of the book is Charles Lennox, the Third Duke of Richmond, an unconventional aristocrat who emerged as one of Britain’s leading advocates for civil liberties and political reform in the years before the American Revolution. Though born into aristocratic privilege, the duke championed freedom of the press, religious toleration, and broader political participation, becoming one of the Crown’s most outspoken critics.
Allen also uncovers the duke’s little-known collaboration with Thomas Paine before the publication of Common Sense. Drawing on archival discoveries and computational analysis, Radical Duke revisits the authorship of the influential Letters of Junius and identifies an early, previously unknown work by Paine, The Juryman’s Touchstone. Together, these findings reveal a transatlantic network of reformers whose ideas helped shape modern democratic thought.
“Radical Duke reveals how deeply interconnected British and American political developments have been, restores an extraordinary but overlooked figure to his rightful place in that story, and shows how much we can still learn from 18th-century radicals,” says Allen.
Rather than embracing outright revolution, Lennox ultimately pursued reform within Britain’s constitutional framework, seeking to balance loyalty to the Crown with accountability to the people. Allen presents this tension as central to understanding the development of modern democratic governance and Britain’s distinctive path toward political reform.
Radical Duke will be released on June 16, 2026.
Danielle Allen is the James Bryant Conant University Professor at Harvard University and author of Justice by Means of Democracy, Cuz, and Our Declaration, winner of the Parkman Prize. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the American Academy of Sciences and Letters, she lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At HKS, her Democracy Renovation lab focuses on renovating democracy for human flourishing.
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